SQLite - Perl - 蝴蝶教程

简述

在本章中，您将学习如何在 Perl 程序中使用 SQLite。

安装

SQLite3 可以使用 Perl DBI 模块与 Perl 集成，该模块是 Perl 编程语言的数据库访问模块。它定义了一组提供标准数据库接口的方法、变量和约定。

以下是在 Linux/UNIX 机器上安装 DBI 模块的简单步骤 -


$ wget http://search.cpan.org/CPAN/authors/id/T/TI/TIMB/DBI-1.625.tar.gz
$ tar xvfz DBI-1.625.tar.gz
$ cd DBI-1.625
$ perl Makefile.PL
$ make
$ make install

如果您需要为 DBI 安装 SQLite 驱动程序，则可以按如下方式安装 -


$ wget http://search.cpan.org/CPAN/authors/id/M/MS/MSERGEANT/DBD-SQLite-1.11.tar.gz
$ tar xvfz DBD-SQLite-1.11.tar.gz
$ cd DBD-SQLite-1.11
$ perl Makefile.PL
$ make
$ make install

DBI 接口 API

以下是重要的 DBI 例程，它们可以满足您从 Perl 程序使用 SQLite 数据库的要求。如果您正在寻找更复杂的应用程序，那么您可以查看 Perl DBI 官方文档。

序号	API & 描述
1	DBI->connect($data_source, "", "", \%attr) 建立到请求的 $data_source 的数据库连接或会话。如果连接成功，则返回数据库句柄对象。数据源的形式如下 - DBI:SQLite:dbname = 'test.db'其中 SQLite 是 SQLite 驱动程序名称，而 test.db 是 SQLite 数据库文件的名称。如果文件名被指定为':memory:'，它将在 RAM 中创建一个仅在会话期间持续的内存数据库。如果文件名是实际设备文件名，则它会尝试使用其值打开数据库文件。如果不存在具有该名称的文件，则会创建具有该名称的新数据库文件。您将第二个和第三个参数保留为空字符串，最后一个参数用于传递各种属性，如下例所示。
2	$dbh->do($sql) 此例程准备并执行单个 SQL 语句。返回受影响的行数或 undef 出错。返回值 -1 表示行数未知、不适用或不可用。这里，$dbh 是 DBI->connect() 调用返回的句柄。
3	$dbh->prepare($sql) 该例程为数据库引擎稍后执行准备一条语句，并返回对语句句柄对象的引用。
4	$sth->execute() 该例程执行执行准备好的语句所需的任何处理。如果发生错误，则返回 undef。无论受影响的行数如何，成功的执行总是返回 true。这里，$sth 是 $dbh->prepare($sql) 调用返回的语句句柄。
5	$sth->fetchrow_array() 此例程获取下一行数据并将其作为包含字段值的列表返回。空字段作为列表中的 undef 值返回。
6	$DBI::err 这等效于 $h->err，其中 $h 是任何句柄类型，如 $dbh、$sth 或 $drh。这将从上次调用的驱动程序方法返回本机数据库引擎错误代码。
7	$DBI::errstr 这等效于 $h->errstr，其中 $h 是任何句柄类型，如 $dbh、$sth 或 $drh。这将返回来自最后调用的 DBI 方法的本机数据库引擎错误消息。
8	$dbh->disconnect() 此例程关闭先前通过调用 DBI->connect() 打开的数据库连接。

连接到数据库

以下 Perl 代码显示了如何连接到现有数据库。如果数据库不存在，则将创建它并最终返回一个数据库对象。


#!/usr/bin/perl
use DBI;
use strict;
my $driver   = "SQLite"; 
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 }) 
   or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";

现在，让我们运行上面的程序在当前目录中创建我们的数据库 test.db。您可以根据需要更改路径。将上面的代码保存在 sqlite.pl 文件中，并按如下所示执行。如果数据库创建成功，那么它将显示以下消息 -


$ chmod +x sqlite.pl
$ ./sqlite.pl
Open database successfully

创建表

下面的 Perl 程序用于在之前创建的数据库中创建一个表。


#!/usr/bin/perl
use DBI;
use strict;
my $driver   = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
   or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";
my $stmt = qq(CREATE TABLE COMPANY
   (ID INT PRIMARY KEY     NOT NULL,
      NAME           TEXT    NOT NULL,
      AGE            INT     NOT NULL,
      ADDRESS        CHAR(50),
      SALARY         REAL););
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt);
if($rv < 0) {
   print $DBI::errstr;
} else {
   print "Table created successfully\n";
}
$dbh->disconnect();

执行上述程序时，它将在您的 test.db 中创建 COMPANY 表，并显示以下消息 -


Opened database successfully
Table created successfully

NOTE - 如果您在任何操作中看到以下错误 -


DBD::SQLite::st execute failed: not an error(21) at dbdimp.c line 398

在这种情况下，打开 dbdimp.c file 在 DBD-SQLite 安装中可用并找出 sqlite3_prepare() 函数并将其第三个参数更改为 -1 而不是 0。最后，使用安装 DBD::SQLite make 并做 make install 来解决问题。

插入操作

下面的 Perl 程序显示了如何在上面示例中创建的 COMPANY 表中创建记录。


#!/usr/bin/perl
use DBI;
use strict;
my $driver   = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
   or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";
my $stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
               VALUES (1, 'Paul', 32, 'California', 20000.00 ));
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;
$stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
               VALUES (2, 'Allen', 25, 'Texas', 15000.00 ));
$rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;
$stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
               VALUES (3, 'Teddy', 23, 'Norway', 20000.00 ));
$rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;
$stmt = qq(INSERT INTO COMPANY (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
               VALUES (4, 'Mark', 25, 'Rich-Mond ', 65000.00 ););
$rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Records created successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();

执行上述程序时，它将在 COMPANY 表中创建给定的记录，并显示以下两行 -


Opened database successfully
Records created successfully

选择操作

下面的 Perl 程序显示了如何从上面示例中创建的 COMPANY 表中获取和显示记录。


#!/usr/bin/perl
use DBI;
use strict;
my $driver = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
   or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";
my $stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;);
my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt );
my $rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr;
if($rv < 0) {
   print $DBI::errstr;
}
while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) {
      print "ID = ". $row[0] . "\n";
      print "NAME = ". $row[1] ."\n";
      print "ADDRESS = ". $row[2] ."\n";
      print "SALARY =  ". $row[3] ."\n\n";
}
print "Operation done successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();

执行上述程序时，将产生以下结果。


Opened database successfully
ID = 1
NAME = Paul
ADDRESS = California
SALARY =  20000
ID = 2
NAME = Allen
ADDRESS = Texas
SALARY =  15000
ID = 3
NAME = Teddy
ADDRESS = Norway
SALARY =  20000
ID = 4
NAME = Mark
ADDRESS = Rich-Mond
SALARY =  65000
Operation done successfully

更新操作

以下 Perl 代码显示了如何使用 UPDATE 语句更新任何记录，然后从 COMPANY 表中获取并显示更新的记录。


#!/usr/bin/perl
use DBI;
use strict;
my $driver   = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
   or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";
my $stmt = qq(UPDATE COMPANY set SALARY = 25000.00 where ID=1;);
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;
if( $rv < 0 ) {
   print $DBI::errstr;
} else {
   print "Total number of rows updated : $rv\n";
}
$stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;);
my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt );
$rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr;
if($rv < 0) {
   print $DBI::errstr;
}
while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) {
      print "ID = ". $row[0] . "\n";
      print "NAME = ". $row[1] ."\n";
      print "ADDRESS = ". $row[2] ."\n";
      print "SALARY =  ". $row[3] ."\n\n";
}
print "Operation done successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();

执行上述程序时，将产生以下结果。


Opened database successfully
Total number of rows updated : 1
ID = 1
NAME = Paul
ADDRESS = California
SALARY =  25000
ID = 2
NAME = Allen
ADDRESS = Texas
SALARY =  15000
ID = 3
NAME = Teddy
ADDRESS = Norway
SALARY =  20000
ID = 4
NAME = Mark
ADDRESS = Rich-Mond
SALARY =  65000
Operation done successfully

删除操作

以下 Perl 代码显示了如何使用 DELETE 语句删除任何记录，然后从 COMPANY 表中获取并显示剩余的记录 -


#!/usr/bin/perl
use DBI;
use strict;
my $driver   = "SQLite";
my $database = "test.db";
my $dsn = "DBI:$driver:dbname=$database";
my $userid = "";
my $password = "";
my $dbh = DBI->connect($dsn, $userid, $password, { RaiseError => 1 })
   or die $DBI::errstr;
print "Opened database successfully\n";
my $stmt = qq(DELETE from COMPANY where ID = 2;);
my $rv = $dbh->do($stmt) or die $DBI::errstr;
if( $rv < 0 ) {
   print $DBI::errstr;
} else {
   print "Total number of rows deleted : $rv\n";
}
$stmt = qq(SELECT id, name, address, salary from COMPANY;);
my $sth = $dbh->prepare( $stmt );
$rv = $sth->execute() or die $DBI::errstr;
if($rv < 0) {
   print $DBI::errstr;
}
while(my @row = $sth->fetchrow_array()) {
      print "ID = ". $row[0] . "\n";
      print "NAME = ". $row[1] ."\n";
      print "ADDRESS = ". $row[2] ."\n";
      print "SALARY =  ". $row[3] ."\n\n";
}
print "Operation done successfully\n";
$dbh->disconnect();

执行上述程序时，将产生以下结果。


Opened database successfully
Total number of rows deleted : 1
ID = 1
NAME = Paul
ADDRESS = California
SALARY = 25000
ID = 3
NAME = Teddy
ADDRESS = Norway
SALARY = 20000
ID = 4
NAME = Mark
ADDRESS = Rich-Mond
SALARY = 65000
Operation done successfully